For centuries, Britain has been self-sufficient in salt – one of the
most essential minerals on the planet. From Roman times through the
Industrial Revolution, the vast underground halite deposits in Cheshire
have supplied not just table salt but the raw material for
pharmaceuticals, plastics, water treatment, food processing, explosives,
and road gritting. The UK once exported salt across the Empire and
produced nearly all its own needs domestically. Now, for the first time
in modern history, that era is at risk of ending.
In January 2026, Inovyn (part of Jim Ratcliffe’s INEOS group), which
produces around 50% of Britain’s salt at its Runcorn plant in Cheshire,
warned Sky News that it may have to shut down the facility without
urgent government intervention. The other major producer, Tata Chemicals
Europe’s British Salt operation, would then be left carrying the load –
but the country would still become a net importer of salt. Nearly 3
million tonnes are produced annually in the UK, mostly via solution
mining (pumping brine from underground ancient seabeds and evaporating
it). Losing half that capacity would be a seismic shift.
Why is this happening now – and why is net zero the culprit?
The root causes are sky-high industrial energy costs and the UK’s
carbon taxes, both heavily shaped by net zero policies. Salt production
is energy-intensive: pumping, evaporating, and processing brine requires
substantial electricity and heat. The UK’s push for decarbonisation –
including the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), carbon floor prices, and a
grid increasingly reliant on intermittent renewables – has driven up
electricity prices for heavy industry far beyond those in competitor
nations like the US or China.
Carbon taxes hit particularly hard. INEOS has publicly described them
as “killing manufacturing,” with one plant alone facing a £15 million
bill in a single year. Executives argue that these policies, designed to
cut domestic emissions, are accelerating deindustrialisation instead.
As one industry leader put it, the more plants close, the lower
Britain’s reported carbon emissions become – edging the country closer
to its 2050 net zero target on paper, while the actual production (and
emissions) simply shifts overseas.
This isn’t isolated. The chemicals sector, of which salt is a
cornerstone, has seen output fall 20% in the past three years – a
decline unprecedented outside wartime. Eleven major chemicals plants
have closed in the last decade. Recent examples include CF Fertilisers’
ammonia plant in Billingham (2023), Tata’s 150-year-old soda ash plant
in Lostock (2025), and Inovyn’s own sulphuric acid facility. The
infrastructure itself is ageing, much of it dating back to the ICI era
of the mid-20th century.
Salt: The invisible foundation of modern life
Few people realise how central salt is. It underpins roughly 90% of
pharmaceutical manufacturing. It is used to purify drinking water,
produce plastics, make explosives, and process food. Road gritting in
winter relies on it. Chlorine and other chemicals derived from salt are
the building blocks for countless supply chains. Tom Crotty, INEOS group
director of chemicals, warned: “Without a plant like this, we’d have to
import… salt is a very corrosive material and that makes imports very,
very difficult. And it’s a relatively low-value product. So the cost of
the movement dramatically impacts the final price.” The result? Higher
costs for UK food, medicines, and manufacturing – making British
products less competitive.
Sharon Todd of the Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) called the
situation “slightly crazy”: global chemicals demand is booming (a $6
trillion market), yet the UK is retreating. Steve Elliott, CEO of the
Chemicals Industries Association, urged the government to move beyond
rhetoric: “Enough of the rhetoric and more urgency please on meaningful
energy and carbon policy and funding… Otherwise, we’ll see further
deindustrialisation through decarbonisation in 2026, with serious
implications for our critical national infrastructure, growth sector
supply chains and net zero delivery.”
The bigger picture: Deindustrialisation by design?
Critics, including INEOS founder Sir Jim Ratcliffe, argue that net
zero policies are creating a paradox. By making energy-intensive
industries unviable through taxes and high prices, the UK is offshoring
both jobs and emissions to countries with looser environmental rules
(and often coal-heavy power). National security is also at stake:
domestic production of foundational chemicals supports everything from
fertilisers to defence manufacturing.
The government has offered some targeted support – a grant to keep
INEOS’s Grangemouth ethylene cracker open in late 2025 – but industry
figures call this a “sticking plaster.” Broader reform of energy and
carbon policy is needed if the UK wants to decarbonise while retaining industrial capacity, jobs, and supply-chain resilience.
What happens next?
If Inovyn’s Runcorn plant closes, Britain will rely on imports for a
mineral that is cheap to produce domestically but expensive and
logistically awkward to ship. Communities in Cheshire and the wider
chemicals heartlands will lose skilled jobs. Manufacturing costs will
rise. And the UK’s claim to be building a “green” economy will ring
hollow if it simply exports its industrial base.
Salt may seem humdrum, but losing control of its domestic production
would be a stark symbol of a deeper problem: when net zero policy
prioritises emissions targets over energy security and industrial
survival, the consequences ripple through the entire economy. Whether
policymakers choose to intervene – with pragmatic reforms on energy
costs and carbon taxes – will determine if Britain’s salt industry
survives or becomes another casualty of the net zero transition.